World PhiloMathematics & Design Society

Idea of intelligent design suggests that living organisms were created by an Intelligent Designer , rather than arising through natural processes such as evolution. The complexity and intricacy of living organisms cannot be explained solely by random chance and natural selection; instead, an Intelligent Being, must have been involved in the creation of life on Earth. One of the main arguments for intelligent design is the concept of irreducible complexity . This theory proposes that certain biological structures, such as the human eye or the bacterial flagellum, are so complex and finely-tuned that they could not have evolved gradually through a series of small, incremental changes. Instead, these structures must have been designed as fully-formed, functional entities by an intelligent designer. Fine-tuning of the universe is evidence for an Intelligent Designer. The physical constants and laws of the universe are exquisitely balanced to allow for the existence of life. If any of these

Mind Or Matter The debate over whether life originates from mind or matter has been ongoing for centuries, with various philosophical and scientific perspectives contributing to the conversation.  Mind and Origin of Life: One school of thought posits that life originates from the mind, suggesting that consciousness and intelligence are the driving forces behind creation and evolution. According to this view, the complex structures and systems that make up living organisms could not have arisen spontaneously from mere physical matter but must have been guided by a higher intelligence. Matter and Origin of Life: On the other hand, proponents of the materialist perspective argue that life originates from matter, emphasizing the role of chemical and physical processes in the development and sustenance of living beings. From this standpoint, life is seen as an emergent property of the interactions between atoms and molecules, with no need for a guiding mind or higher intelligence to explain

Universe The universe is the totality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Mankind and the Scale & Scope of the Universe There are trillions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars and planets. The observable universe alone spans about 93 billion light-years in diameter and is constantly expanding. Compared to these staggering numbers, mankind is insignificant. The Earth is only one of the countless planets orbiting one of the countless stars in one of the countless galaxies in the universe. The human lifespan is only a blink of an eye in the cosmic timeline. The human developments are only a tiny fraction of the natural wonders and mysteries of the universe. From this perspective, mankind has no material significance for the universe, and that our existence is irrelevant to the grand scheme of things. The vast interstellar systems that disseminate throughout the universe w

The functions of cells Cells perform a variety of functions that are essential for the survival and reproduction of living organisms. Some of the main functions of cells are: -  Metabolism : The  sum of all the chemical reactions  that take place in the cell  to convert or use energy . Metabolism includes  catabolism , which is the  breakdown of molecules to release energy ; and  anabolism , which is the  synthesis of molecules to store or use energy . -  Growth : The  increase in size or number  of cells. Growth can be achieved by  cell enlargement or cell division .  Cell division  is the process by which a  cell splits into two identical daughter cells . There are two types of cell division:  mitosis , which  produces two diploid (2n) cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell ; and  meiosis , which  produces four haploid (n) cells that are genetically different from the parent cell and each other . -  Differentiation : The  process  by which a  cell changes its structu

The basic unit of life is the cell. Cells are the smallest and simplest living organisms that can perform all the functions necessary for life.  Cells are the building blocks of all living things, from bacteria to humans. Cells have different shapes, sizes and structures depending on their function and type. Cells can be divided into two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a nucleus and other organelles that perform specific tasks. All living things are made up of one or more cells, and cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The types of cells There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.                                                  Prokaryotic cells are the simplest and most ancient forms of life. They lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and have a single circular chromosome. Prokaryotic cells include bacteri

The theory of evolution and the origin of species are two related but distinct concepts in biology. The theory of evolution explains how living organisms change over time through natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and other mechanisms. The origin of species describes how new species arise from existing ones through speciation, which is the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically isolated populations. What is speciation? Speciation is the evolutionary process by which "new and distinct species" are formed in the course of evolution. Species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation occurs when some members of a species become "reproductively isolated"from the rest of the population, meaning that they can no longer exchange genes with them. This can happen due to various factors, such as geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, or genetic mutations. They are t

The theory of evolution is one of the most well-promoted narrative by the international establishment to explain for the origin, the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. Some of its premises are constructed on assumptions and hypothesis which is repeatedly tested to get required results. For other premises where no evidence is available, it is left to conjecture. Once upon a time, billions of years ago...  Abiogenesis : According to the theory of evolution, organic molecules and subsequent simple life forms first originated from inorganic substances on the primitive Earth about 4 billion years ago in a process called abiogenesis.  Abiogenesis is the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. It is also known as the origin of life or biopoiesis. Scientists have proposed various hypotheses and experiments to explain how abiogenesis could have occurred on Earth or other planets. Some of the main challenges are to understand how the basi