Evolution: Origin of Species

The theory of evolution and the origin of species are two related but distinct concepts in biology. The theory of evolution explains how living organisms change over time through natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and other mechanisms. The origin of species describes how new species arise from existing ones through speciation, which is the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically isolated populations.

What is speciation?

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which "new and distinct species" are formed in the course of evolution. Species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation occurs when some members of a species become "reproductively isolated"from the rest of the population, meaning that they can no longer exchange genes with them. This can happen due to various factors, such as geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, or genetic mutations. They are two closely related ways to define isolation one is by mechanism and other is by type. 

Mechanism of Isolation:

One way to define a species is by its ability to interbreed with other members of its group. However, there are some factors that prevent interbreeding from occurring, even among closely related organisms. These factors are called isolation mechanisms, and they can be classified into five types: ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical/chemical and geographical. Ecological isolation occurs when two species occupy different habitats or niches within the same area. Temporal isolation occurs when two species have different breeding seasons or times of day. Behavioral isolation occurs when two species have different mating rituals or signals that attract potential mates. Mechanical/chemical isolation occurs when two species have incompatible reproductive structures or gametes. Geographical isolation occurs when two species are separated by physical barriers such as mountains, rivers or oceans.

Types of speciation

There are four main types of speciation, depending on how the reproductive isolation is achieved:

Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically separated and cannot exchange genes. 

Peripatric speciation special case of allopatric speciation, where a small and isolated population diverges from a larger one. 

Sympatric speciation occurs when populations share the same habitat but become reproductively isolated due to factors such as behavioral, temporal, or ecological differences. 

Parapatric speciation occurs when populations are adjacent but have different habitats and mate preferences.

Natural selection and speciation:

According to theory of evolution, natural selection and speciation are closely related, as natural selection is one of the main drivers of speciation. By creating adaptations that suit different environments and lifestyles, natural selection can generate diversity within and between populations. This diversity can then lead to reproductive isolation and speciation, resulting in more diversity at higher levels of biological organization.

The relation between natural selection and speciation is that natural selection can drive the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations that adapt to different environments. This process, known as ecological speciation, can result in the origin of new species over time. Natural selection is the mechanism by which individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more than those with disadvantageous traits.

Mutations & Speciation

According to theory of evolution, the relation between mutations and speciation is that mutations are one of the sources of genetic variation that can lead to the formation of new species. Mutations can create new alleles or change the frequency of existing alleles in a population, which can affect its adaptation to the environment and its reproductive compatibility with other populations. Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers prevent gene flow between populations and result in genetic divergence. Mutations can contribute to speciation by creating chromosomal variations, incompatible alleles, or advantageous recessive alleles that favor inbreeding.

Flaws in Origin of Species:

1. Life from life: Life originates from brainless matter; it is the very basis on which theory of evolution is founded. Factually life comes from life so whole theory is flawed.  

2. DNA and Speciation

Speciation is the process by which new species arise from an ancestral species. DNA plays a key role in speciation, as it is the source of genetic variation and the target of natural selection. Mutations in DNA create genetic diversity in a population, and sexual reproduction shuffles the existing alleles into new combinations. Some of these genetic differences may affect the traits of the organisms, such as their morphology, behavior, or physiology. These traits may influence the reproductive isolation of the organisms, which is a prerequisite for speciation. Reproductive isolation means that two groups of organisms can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This can happen due to various barriers, such as geographic, ecological, temporal, behavioral, or mechanical factors. When reproductive isolation is complete, the two groups are considered distinct species.

Almost all organisms come with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is the blueprint of every organism.

DNA is the genetic data of all life forms. The DNA is same in almost every other cell. The instructions are stored as code in DNA which consists of four bases. Human DNA has approximately 3 billion bases and 99% of them are similar in all humans.

As one cannot build a huge airport without architectural and structural plans, similarly organisms cannot be manufactured without DNA code. DNA is the basis for every organism's functioning. 

Evolutionists have professed that Natural Selection creates variance in DNA. Over million and billion years of small modifications create changes in gene that eventually make single-celled organism into a programmer. This looks fascinating but problem is, this method has not been proved, rather its contrary prevails.

As per research, there is no such mutation which results in increase of information. All mutations that have been scrutinised shows that it reduces genetic information rather than increasing it,

There is no denying mutations but evolutionists have not been able to find an apparatus that creates new information in DNA. It is necessary condition for evolution. Even evolutionists have not been to find continuous mutations that make rat into a scholar.

3. Transformation Links Missing: 

Conventional evolution adopts transformative shapes. They are hypothetical forms in evolution that are present as a connection among different species.  

There is no concrete evidence for such transformations.

4. Natural and Selection are contradictory:

Evolution is an undertaking to define life in solely materialistic manner. According to evolution, things occur because of likelihood and necessity. 

As per evolution, intelligence is an accident, and the basis of universe is a brainless matter. Further, it asserts that a brainless matter can produce intelligent life. 

If you notice "Natural" and "Selection" are contradictory terms. Unguided and brainless is what meant by Natural while Selection means a conscious choice, that requires intelligence to make decision. Thus, Natural and Selection are contradictory and an oxymoron. Therefore we infer that by choosing this term shows that scientists tacitly concur that for all this process some intelligence is required. This is more plausible that the fundamental substance of universe is intelligence, not matter.

5. Random Mutation and Natural Selection: 

If we take evolution as change in species, then there is no denying this fact. However, to what extent changes happen is a matter of debate.

If we take evolution as a method of random mutation and natural selection though which all living organisms have come into existence by mere chance from a single-celled common ancestor over a time of million and billions of years, then we don't have a sound basis.

The idea that diversity of life is a result of random mutation and natural selection is neither supported by empirical evidence nor is supported by scientific principles. It is a baseless fancy. 

Points to Ponder:

If life comes from life, then from where life comes?

As DNA code is the basis for the development of any organism, then how this code was first generated? 



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