World PhiloMathematics & Design Society

Milk is a nutritious liquid that is produced by mammals that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water. Though all female mammals produce milk, humans consume almost all of their milk from ruminants, mainly cows and buffaloes.  Ruminants are a group of mammals that have a specialized digestive system that allows them to ferment plant-based food in a chamber called the rumen before digesting it. They are able to extract more nutrients from plants than other herbivores by using microorganisms in the rumen.  Female ruminants produce milk because they have mammary glands that are stimulated by hormones during pregnancy and lactation. Male ruminants do not have functional mammary glands, so they cannot produce milk. Dairy cattle are ruminants, which means they have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to digest fibrous plant materials such as grasses, hay, silage, and grains.   Stomach of Ruminants: The stomach of ruminants is a complex organ that consis

The biosphere is the term used to describe the region of the planet where life exists, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains. It includes all living organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals, and their interactions with the physical environment.  The biosphere is a dynamic and complex system that continuously cycles matter and energy. The biosphere is essential for the survival and well-being of humans, as it provides us with food, water, oxygen, medicine, and many other resources.  Components of Biosphere : The biosphere is composed of two main components: the biotic and the abiotic .  The biotic component refers to all the living organisms that inhabit the biosphere, such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and archaea.  The abiotic component refers to all the non-living factors that influence the biosphere, such as sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients, gases, and minerals. Sources of Energy: The biosphere is a dynamic and complex system that continuously cycles

The hydrosphere is the term used to describe all the water on Earth, in any form. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice . The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet , underground , and in the air .  It includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, glaciers, ice caps, snow, groundwater, clouds, and water vapor. The hydrosphere covers about 71% of the Earth's surface and contains about 97% of the Earth's water . Some of the factors that affect the hydrosphere are precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration, percolation, melting, freezing, erosion, sedimentation, pollution, and climate change. Water Cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle , is the continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere . The water cycle is essential for life on Earth, as it regulates the climate , distributes freshwater , and shapes the landscape. The water cycle has four main stages: evaporation, con

  The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth that includes the crust, mantle, and core . It also includes the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the Earth, as well as the fossils and skeletons of animals that may become preserved over time.  The geosphere interacts with the other spheres in various ways, such as through plate tectonics, volcanism, erosion, weathering, and sedimentation. The geosphere can be divided into several layers based on their physical and chemical properties.  The outermost layer is the crust , which is composed of rocks and minerals that form the continents and ocean floors. The crust ranges from about 5 to 70 km thick and makes up less than 1% of the Earth's mass . The crust is divided into two types: continental and oceanic .              The continental crust is the outermost layer of the Earth's surface, composed mainly of             granitic and sedimentary rocks. It is thinner under the oceans and thicker under the       

The Earth is composed of four main spheres , that differ in their physical and chemical properties. These are: The geosphere,  The hydrosphere,  The atmosphere, and  The biosphere.  The Geosphere is the solid part of Earth that includes the crust , the mantle , and the core . It contains rocks, minerals, metals, fossil fuels, soils, mountains, volcanoes, and other landforms .  The Hydrosphere is the term used to describe all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, ice caps, groundwater, and atmospheric water.  It covers about 71% of Earth's surface and contains about 97% of Earth's water.  The Atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that surround the Earth and are held in place by its gravity.   The atmosphere is composed of different gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor.   The atmosphere is composed of different layers, such as the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each lay

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . It has a diameter of about 12,742 km and orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km . Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, and its surface is covered by 71% water . Earth has one natural satellite , the Moon , which influences its tides and seasons. Layers of Earth: Earth is composed of four main layers: the crust , the mantle , the outer core and the inner core .  Each layer has a different chemical composition and physical state . The crust is the thin outer layer of Earth, where we live. It is mostly made of silicate rocks, such as granite and basalt . It is divided into two types: continental and oceanic . The continental crust is thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust , which forms the floor of the oceans. The crust varies in thickness from about 5 km under the oceans to about 70 km under the continents . The crust makes up less tha

  The world of quantum is an enthralling and mysterious realm, where the laws of traditional physics are often counterintuitive and paradoxical .  Life is beyond logic so is world of quantum. It is extraordinarily awe-inspiring and  baffling . The real power of tiny-teeny that jolted the world was experienced in US' dropping of Atomic Bomb in 1945. We daily experience the power of Quantum in man rendered operations like that of mobile phones, computers and toasters . Quantum is a term that refers to the smallest possible unit of any physical property , such as energy or matter. Quantum Mechanics studies the behavior of the smallest particles and forces in nature, such as atoms, electrons, photons, and gravity. Quantum mechanics reveals that the physical world is not deterministic, but rather probabilistic and uncertain . We will explore some of the fascinating phenomena that quantum mechanics reveals. Quantum phenomena include: The uncertainty principle Entanglement Phenomenon