World PhiloMathematics & Design Society

Oceans are the lifeblood of planet earth. Oceans regulate the climate, produce oxygen, and support a rich diversity of life.  The ocean is a vast and complex ecosystem that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. It is home to millions of species of plants, animals and from microscopic plankton to gigantic whales, as well as important natural resources and processes that support life on land.  Features of Oceans : We will explicate some of the features of oceans that make them so fascinating and important.      Depth : One of the most striking features of the ocean is its depth. The average depth of the ocean is about 3,700 meters, but some parts are much deeper. The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, which reaches a depth of 10,994 meters. That's more than the height of Mount Everest! The depth of the ocean affects many aspects of its physical and biological characteristics, such as temperature, pressure, light, and sound.      Salinity : Another feature of

Mountains are some of the most majestic and awe-inspiring natural features on Earth.  Mountains are large landforms that rise above the surrounding terrain, usually in the form of peaks or ridges. They are believed to be created by various geological processes, such as tectonic movements, volcanic eruptions, erosion, and glaciation. The height of a mountain is measured from its base to its summit, and the elevation of a mountain is measured from sea level to its summit. Structure of Mountains: The structure of a mountain can be divided into three main parts: the base, the slope, and the peak . The base is the lowest part of the mountain that connects it to the surrounding terrain. The slope is the inclined part of the mountain that rises from the base to the peak. The peak is the highest point of the mountain that may have a sharp or rounded shape. Mountains can have different types of slopes and peaks depending on their formation and erosion history. Types of Mountains : There are

  Water has many unique characteristics that make it vital for living organisms. The essence of water is its versatility, its necessity, and its ubiquity. It covers about 71% of the planet's surface and makes up about 60% of the human body.  Water can exist in three states: It is the only common substance that exists in all three states of matter: solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapor), at normal Earth temperatures and pressures. Water is essential for many biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion, reproduction and more. Water also plays a key role in shaping the Earth's landscape, weather and climate. Water cycles through different reservoirs, such as oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, clouds, rain and snow, by processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff and infiltration. Only about 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and most of it is locked in ice caps, glaciers and underground aquif

  If you have ever wondered what fire is made of, you might be surprised to learn that it is not a simple question to answer. Fire is the result of a chemical reaction called combustion, which involves a fuel and an oxidizer. However, the exact composition and state of matter of fire depend on the type of fuel, the oxidizer, and the conditions of the reaction. Fire is one of the most complex and mysterious phenomenon.  Fire is composed of three essential components: fuel, oxygen, and heat. Fuel is any combustible material that can burn, such as wood, paper, gas, or oil. Oxygen is a gas that supports combustion and is found in the air. Heat is the energy that initiates and sustains the fire. Without any of these components, fire cannot exist. When a fuel is heated to a certain temperature, called the ignition point, it begins to burn, releasing heat and light. This process is called combustion. Fire is a rapid chemical reaction that releases heat and light when a combustible material co

Milk is a nutritious liquid that is produced by mammals that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water. Though all female mammals produce milk, humans consume almost all of their milk from ruminants, mainly cows and buffaloes.  Ruminants are a group of mammals that have a specialized digestive system that allows them to ferment plant-based food in a chamber called the rumen before digesting it. They are able to extract more nutrients from plants than other herbivores by using microorganisms in the rumen.  Female ruminants produce milk because they have mammary glands that are stimulated by hormones during pregnancy and lactation. Male ruminants do not have functional mammary glands, so they cannot produce milk. Dairy cattle are ruminants, which means they have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to digest fibrous plant materials such as grasses, hay, silage, and grains.   Stomach of Ruminants: The stomach of ruminants is a complex organ that consis

The biosphere is the term used to describe the region of the planet where life exists, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains. It includes all living organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals, and their interactions with the physical environment.  The biosphere is a dynamic and complex system that continuously cycles matter and energy. The biosphere is essential for the survival and well-being of humans, as it provides us with food, water, oxygen, medicine, and many other resources.  Components of Biosphere : The biosphere is composed of two main components: the biotic and the abiotic .  The biotic component refers to all the living organisms that inhabit the biosphere, such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and archaea.  The abiotic component refers to all the non-living factors that influence the biosphere, such as sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients, gases, and minerals. Sources of Energy: The biosphere is a dynamic and complex system that continuously cycles

The hydrosphere is the term used to describe all the water on Earth, in any form. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice . The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet , underground , and in the air .  It includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, glaciers, ice caps, snow, groundwater, clouds, and water vapor. The hydrosphere covers about 71% of the Earth's surface and contains about 97% of the Earth's water . Some of the factors that affect the hydrosphere are precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, infiltration, percolation, melting, freezing, erosion, sedimentation, pollution, and climate change. Water Cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle , is the continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere . The water cycle is essential for life on Earth, as it regulates the climate , distributes freshwater , and shapes the landscape. The water cycle has four main stages: evaporation, con

  The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth that includes the crust, mantle, and core . It also includes the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the Earth, as well as the fossils and skeletons of animals that may become preserved over time.  The geosphere interacts with the other spheres in various ways, such as through plate tectonics, volcanism, erosion, weathering, and sedimentation. The geosphere can be divided into several layers based on their physical and chemical properties.  The outermost layer is the crust , which is composed of rocks and minerals that form the continents and ocean floors. The crust ranges from about 5 to 70 km thick and makes up less than 1% of the Earth's mass . The crust is divided into two types: continental and oceanic .              The continental crust is the outermost layer of the Earth's surface, composed mainly of             granitic and sedimentary rocks. It is thinner under the oceans and thicker under the       

The Earth is composed of four main spheres , that differ in their physical and chemical properties. These are: The geosphere,  The hydrosphere,  The atmosphere, and  The biosphere.  The Geosphere is the solid part of Earth that includes the crust , the mantle , and the core . It contains rocks, minerals, metals, fossil fuels, soils, mountains, volcanoes, and other landforms .  The Hydrosphere is the term used to describe all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, ice caps, groundwater, and atmospheric water.  It covers about 71% of Earth's surface and contains about 97% of Earth's water.  The Atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that surround the Earth and are held in place by its gravity.   The atmosphere is composed of different gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor.   The atmosphere is composed of different layers, such as the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each lay